Understanding BlackOasis hacker group overview & activity, attacks & tactics 2025

Understanding BlackOasis hacker group overview & activity, attacks & tactics 2025

In January 2025 alone, a staggering 92 ransomware incidents were publicly reported, marking a new peak in cybercrime. Among these, one entity stands out for its advanced methods and bold targets. Their operations have disrupted hospitals, energy grids, and even government systems.

Recent findings from Verizon’s DBIR reveal that 44% of all breaches now involve ransomware. A notable example is the Codefinger incident, where attackers exploited AWS encryption flaws to steal sensitive data. This group’s focus extends beyond financial gain—they target critical infrastructure, demanding ransoms exceeding $1 million.

What makes them particularly dangerous is their use of AI-driven social engineering. By mimicking trusted contacts, they bypass traditional defenses. Their dark web presence further complicates tracking efforts, making them a persistent challenge for security teams.

Key Takeaways

Table of Contents

  • Record-breaking ransomware activity in early 2025.
  • Nearly half of breaches now involve ransomware tactics.
  • High-value targets include critical infrastructure.
  • AI-powered social engineering increases attack success.
  • Dark web operations hinder detection and response.

Who Is the BlackOasis Hacker Group?

Cybercrime losses hit $16.6B in 2024, with one group rising to infamy. Their operations blend technical skill with ruthless efficiency, targeting everything from hospitals to energy grids. Unlike typical ransomware gangs, they operate like a multinational corporation—with hierarchies and partnerships.

From Underground Forums to Global Threat

This network emerged from dark web forums around 2020, recruiting top-tier hackers. Many core members previously developed ransomware for Conti, a now-defunct group. Their evolution mirrors cybercrime’s shift toward professionalization—complete with HR-like recruitment and profit-sharing.

The Faces Behind the Attacks

Leadership operates under aliases like “NightsWatch” and “Obelisk,” avoiding direct traces. Key players include:

  • Former Conti developers specializing in encryption bypasses.
  • Qilin affiliates laundering cryptocurrency through shell companies.
  • Intermediaries in Turkey negotiating ransoms anonymously.

An employee leak revealed ties to North Korean state-sponsored hackers, sharing tools and infrastructure. Their network spans 15+ ransomware-as-a-service operations, making attribution nearly impossible.

BlackOasis Hacker Group Overview & Activity, Attacks & Tactics 2025

A wave of digital intrusions has compromised millions of records across North America and beyond. Healthcare providers, local governments, and educational institutions suffered the most severe data breach incidents, with attackers stealing sensitive personal information on an industrial scale.

Westend Dental’s $350,000 settlement for exposing 17,000 patient records illustrates the financial consequences. Meanwhile, Montréal-Nord’s municipal systems were paralyzed by a 10 Bitcoin ransom demand (≈$1M). These cases reveal a pattern of targeting organizations with limited cybersecurity budgets.

Recent Activity and Global Impact

The healthcare sector absorbed devastating blows, with Richmond University Medical Center losing control of 670,000 patient files. Attackers encrypted critical systems while exfiltrating insurance details and medical histories. Similar tactics hit Sunflower Medical, where 400,000 driver’s licenses were stolen.

Educational technology proved vulnerable when PowerSchool’s platform was compromised. Over 6,500 school districts had student records exposed, including social security numbers in some states. This breach disrupted standardized testing and enrollment processes nationwide.

Notable Incidents in 2025

Corporate targets suffered extraordinary losses. DEphoto lost 555,952 customer payment profiles, while Lian Beng Group had 2TB of employee identification documents stolen. The chemical manufacturer Nikki-Universal saw 761.8GB of proprietary formulas leaked online.

Public institutions faced equally severe attacks. Lamarie County’s library system lost decades of archival records when backup servers were encrypted. Arrotex Pharmaceuticals reported a catastrophic 3TB data breach compromising clinical trial results and patent applications.

BlackOasis’s Attack Methods and Tools

Zero-day vulnerabilities have become the golden ticket for cybercriminals. These flaws, unknown to vendors, offer unchecked access to systems. VulnCheck reports that 28% are exploited within 24 hours of discovery—a window too narrow for most patches.

Ransomware Deployment Strategies

Their attacks follow a ruthless pattern:

  • Phishing: Fake invoices trick employees into enabling macros.
  • Lateral Movement: Compromised credentials pivot across networks.
  • Encryption: Critical files are locked with military-grade algorithms.

Broadcom warns that SMBs are prime targets due to weaker defenses. Once inside, attackers exfiltrate details to pressure victims into paying ransoms.

Exploiting Zero-Day Vulnerabilities

Their dedicated research team weaponizes flaws faster than vendors can respond. Recent examples include:

  • Citrix Bleed (CVE-2023-4966), hijacking sessions remotely.
  • TOTOLINK router exploits, breaching home networks.
  • SAP vulnerabilities, stealing ERP system access.

“The average time from discovery to weaponization is just 15 days.”

Custom fuzzing tools test Windows kernels, while healthcare IoT devices are scanned for unpatched flaws. These exploits are even sold on dark web markets, fueling broader cybercrime.

Targets of BlackOasis: Who’s at Risk?

Critical infrastructure and major corporations face unprecedented threats from cyber intrusions. The group’s strategy focuses on high-value targets with weak security measures, maximizing disruption and ransom payouts.

High-Profile Corporate Victims

Recent breaches reveal a pattern of attacks on industries handling sensitive data. Defense contractors lost blueprints, while agricultural systems were sabotaged to disrupt food supply chains. Even COVID vaccine distribution networks were compromised.

Notable incidents include:

  • Stolen proprietary formulas from chemical manufacturers.
  • Breached FAA backup systems, risking flight safety data.
  • Ransomware attacks on 3 nuclear power plant contractors.

Government and Critical Infrastructure Attacks

Government entities are prime targets due to outdated IT infrastructure. The Slovak Land Registry outage halted property transactions for weeks. In the U.S., 9 water treatment plants were infiltrated, threatening public health.

Other impacts:

  • Turks and Caicos’ revenue government portal crippled by encryption.
  • European rail signaling disruptions causing travel chaos.
  • Texas emergency communication systems disabled during crises.

“Attacks on election infrastructure in 12 states show their ambition to undermine trust in democracy.”

The Role of Social Engineering in BlackOasis Attacks

Deception has become the deadliest tool in modern cyber warfare. Unlike traditional attack vectors, these methods exploit human psychology rather than software flaws. Microsoft recently documented a 300% spike in AI-powered Quick Assist scams mimicking IT support teams.

Phishing Campaigns and Credential Theft

Attackers now craft emails indistinguishable from corporate communications. One campaign stole sensitive information by replicating HR onboarding documents. Victims unwittingly installed malware while submitting W-2 forms.

Recent incidents show alarming sophistication:

  • Fake payroll portals harvest login credentials with 92% success rates
  • Voicemail phishing (“vishing”) uses AI-cloned executive voices
  • Emergency scenarios pressure employees to bypass security protocols

Deepfake and AI-Driven Scams

North Korean operatives demonstrated deepfake job interviews last quarter. Synthetic media now enables:

  • Real-time video calls with fabricated executives approving wire transfers
  • Multilingual phishing content tailored to regional business dialects
  • Automated personality profiling for hyper-targeted social engineering

Financial departments face particular risk. Fraudulent invoices generated by AI contain accurate vendor data, down to payment terms and purchase order formats. This technological arms race leaves traditional verification methods obsolete.

BlackOasis and the Dark Web

The dark web serves as a thriving marketplace for stolen data and cybercrime collaboration. Hidden forums and encrypted channels allow malicious actors to operate with near impunity. Recent UN reports confirm Southeast Asian syndicates expanding their operations through these shadowy networks.

A dimly lit cyberpunk-inspired scene depicting the dark web's underbelly. In the foreground, a hooded figure typing furiously on a sleek, futuristic laptop, surrounded by a web of glowing neon-green data streams. In the middle ground, a matrix of ominous-looking windows and screens display a kaleidoscope of encrypted information, hacker tools, and sinister-looking code. The background is shrouded in a hazy, atmospheric glow, with an ominous, looming presence of a towering, shadowy server infrastructure, casting an eerie, foreboding presence. The overall mood is one of mystery, danger, and the pervasive sense of the unknown lurking within the depths of the dark web.

Illicit Data Markets and Leak Sites

Stolen information flows freely through specialized dark web portals. Hackers auction healthcare records, financial data, and corporate secrets with shocking openness. The RansomHub attacks on Community Health NW Florida demonstrated how quickly breached data appears for sale.

These markets operate with business-like efficiency:

  • Tiered pricing based on data freshness and completeness
  • Escrow systems to ensure “fair” transactions
  • Reputation scores for reliable data sellers

A Web of Criminal Partnerships

The group maintains an extensive network of cybercrime alliances. These relationships amplify their capabilities while obscuring attribution. Security analysts have traced connections to multiple notorious operations.

CollaboratorShared ResourcesJoint Operations
LockBit 3.0Infrastructure hostingRansomware deployment
FIN7Card skimming techRetail breaches
Evil CorpMoney launderingCryptocurrency transfers
Lazarus GroupExploit developmentState-sponsored attacks

This interconnected ecosystem makes defense increasingly difficult. When one group develops new tactics, others quickly adopt them. The sharing of Conti’s ransomware codebase shows how knowledge spreads through these shadow networks.

Financial Motivations Behind BlackOasis Operations

Money fuels modern cybercrime, with sophisticated networks turning breaches into profits. The FBI reports $16.6B in losses from crypto scams last year, highlighting the scale of this underground economy. Attacks are no longer just about disruption—they’re carefully calculated revenue streams.

Ransom Demands and Payment Trends

Extortion tactics have evolved. High-value targets now face multi-million-dollar demands, often paid in Bitcoin or Monero. Qilin’s use of FTX-like exchanges shows how criminals exploit regulatory gaps.

Recent patterns include:

  • Demands tied to data sensitivity, with healthcare records fetching premium ransoms.
  • Payment deadlines shortened to 72 hours, pressuring victims.
  • Threats of auctioning stolen data if payments stall.

Cryptocurrency Laundering Techniques

To obscure trails, funds move through cross-chain swaps between BTC, ETH, and XMR. Dubai’s OTC trading desks help convert crypto to cash, while gambling sites mix dirty coins with clean ones.

Other methods include:

  • Fake invoicing schemes mimicking legitimate businesses.
  • DeFi protocol exploits to bypass centralized controls.
  • Privacy coins like Zcash for untraceable transfers.

“Crypto ATMs in unregulated markets finalize the cash-out process in minutes.”

Geopolitical Implications of BlackOasis Activities

Cyber operations now shape global politics more than ever before. The UN recently warned about expanding global syndicates, while Broadcom confirmed nation-state targeting. These digital threats force governments to rewrite international rules.

State-Sponsored Digital Warfare

Evidence suggests collaboration between criminal networks and foreign governments. Shared tools and infrastructure blur lines between independent actors and state proxies. This creates deniability while advancing strategic objectives.

Recent incidents show alarming patterns:

  • Exploits developed by one group appearing in another’s attacks
  • Cryptocurrency trails leading to sanctioned entities
  • Attack timing coinciding with diplomatic tensions

Global Diplomatic Fallout

The US-Moldova crisis demonstrated how digital incidents spark real-world conflicts. When healthcare systems failed during negotiations, accusations flew across borders. Such events accelerate policy changes worldwide.

RegionPolicy ChangeImpact
NATOCyber defense mandateCollective response protocols
EUData sovereignty lawsStricter cloud storage rules
G7Ransom payment banReduced funding to criminals
INTERPOLTask force expansionFaster cross-border investigations

Critical systems like WHO pandemic responses and shipping logistics face new security requirements. As digital and physical worlds merge, every attack carries potential diplomatic consequences.

BlackOasis vs. Other Prominent Hacker Groups

The cybersecurity landscape hosts numerous threat actors, each with unique methods and goals. While some groups focus on activism or financial gain, others blend criminal and political motives. This creates a complex web of digital dangers requiring tailored defenses.

Contrasting Approaches with Well-Known Networks

Anonymous operates as a decentralized collective, often targeting governments for ideological reasons. Their attacks typically involve DDoS disruptions or data leaks for publicity. RansomHub, meanwhile, follows a strict profit-driven model, specializing in double extortion schemes.

Key differences emerge in three areas:

  • Target selection: While Anonymous hits symbolic targets, others prioritize high-value data.
  • Attack duration: Some groups favor quick strikes, while others maintain persistent access.
  • Security evasion: Advanced groups use rotating infrastructure to avoid detection.

Innovations Setting This Network Apart

Several features distinguish these operations from conventional cybercrime:

  • Quantum-resistant encryption protecting stolen information
  • VR environments for realistic ransom negotiations
  • Malware that activates only in specific geographic regions

Their hybrid structure combines state-sponsored precision with criminal flexibility. An internal cyber insurance analysis team studies victim finances to set optimal ransom amounts. Industrial control systems face customized malware, while dual ransomware/wiper attacks prevent recovery.

“Their AWS server-side encryption exploits demonstrate technical sophistication rarely seen in traditional cybercrime.”

AI-generated social engineering content adapts to regional dialects and corporate jargon. Dark web reputation scores help maintain reliable partnerships, while insider recruitment programs provide privileged access. These innovations create challenges for conventional defense strategies.

How BlackOasis Evades Detection

Modern cybercriminals employ increasingly sophisticated methods to avoid identification. Their techniques combine advanced technology with operational security practices that frustrate traditional security mechanisms.

A dark, shadowy cybersecurity landscape with intricate lines of code weaving through the foreground, casting an eerie glow. In the middle ground, a figure in a hooded cloak manipulates a complex interface, their hands a blur of motion as they navigate intricate protocols. The background features a dystopian cityscape, skyscrapers silhouetted against a stormy sky, hinting at the high-stakes world of digital espionage. Dramatic lighting and a moody, atmospheric palette convey the tense, high-stakes nature of cybersecurity evasion techniques.

Use of Bulletproof Hosting Services

These networks operate through infrastructure designed to resist takedowns. Providers often ignore abuse reports, enabling persistent malicious activity. Some key features include:

  • Geographically distributed servers across jurisdictions with weak cyber laws
  • Frequent IP rotation to prevent blacklisting
  • Hidden registration details through shell companies

The INC ransomware gang demonstrated this by maintaining operational servers for 14 months despite law enforcement efforts. Their hosting providers simply migrated services when authorities closed one location.

Encryption and Anonymity Tools

Communication channels and stolen data receive multiple layers of protection. The SessionShark toolkit bypasses multi-factor authentication while leaving minimal forensic traces.

Advanced techniques include:

  • GOST 28147-89 encryption for sensitive information transfers
  • Custom TOR implementations with reduced latency
  • Quantum key distribution prototypes for future-proofing

Steganography hides payloads in innocent-looking JPG files, while memory-only malware leaves no disk artifacts. These methods create what analysts call “ghost operations” – attacks that occur without detectable infrastructure.

“Their encrypted DNS-over-HTTPS implementation makes network monitoring nearly impossible.”

Process hollowing techniques inject malicious code into legitimate applications, and hardware security module spoofing bypasses hardware-based protections. Together, these methods form a comprehensive evasion toolkit.

Notable Data Breaches Linked to BlackOasis

Financial systems worldwide face growing threats from sophisticated cyber intrusions. Recent incidents reveal alarming vulnerabilities in both healthcare and banking sectors, exposing millions to potential fraud.

Healthcare Sector Exploits

Medical institutions have suffered devastating data leaks. Attackers target patient records containing insurance details and social security numbers. These breaches often go undetected for months.

One hospital network lost 670,000 files, including sensitive treatment histories. The stolen information appeared on dark web markets within weeks. Healthcare providers struggle with outdated security systems, making them easy targets.

Financial Institution Compromises

Banks and payment processors face relentless attacks. City Bank PLC’s session vulnerability breach allowed unauthorized access to customer accounts. Austin’s Financial Solutions leaked 147GB of transaction records.

These incidents demonstrate advanced techniques:

  • SWIFT network infiltrations forging transfer confirmations
  • ACH system compromises redirecting payroll deposits
  • Credit card tokenization breaches exposing payment details
  • Cryptocurrency wallet attacks draining digital assets

Financial regulators now mandate stricter authentication protocols. Real-time monitoring systems help detect anomalies faster. Still, criminals continue finding new weaknesses in global banking infrastructure.

“The average financial breach costs $4.45 million, with recovery taking 277 days.”

Payment processors face particular risks. Attackers manipulate stock trades and exploit Fedwire access. Some even create fake blockchain transactions to launder stolen funds. These sophisticated methods challenge traditional fraud detection.

The Role of AI in BlackOasis Attacks

Artificial intelligence has transformed digital crime into a highly efficient operation. Attackers now leverage machine learning to bypass traditional security measures with frightening precision. This technological arms race leaves organizations scrambling to adapt.

A cyberpunk-inspired scene depicting the intersection of AI and cybersecurity threats. In the foreground, a sleek humanoid AI figure stands ominously, its eyes glowing with an unnatural intensity. Behind it, a complex matrix of data streams and code fragments swirl, hinting at the intricate web of vulnerabilities and attack vectors. The middle ground features a cityscape of towering skyscrapers and neon-lit alleyways, where shadowy figures lurk, ready to exploit any weaknesses in the digital infrastructure. In the background, a looming presence of ominous clouds and a blood-red sky sets an ominous tone, suggesting the scale and severity of the AI-driven cybersecurity threats that loom on the horizon.

Automated Phishing and Malware Deployment

AI-powered tools generate thousands of unique phishing emails per hour. These messages mimic corporate communication styles flawlessly. Recent cases show attackers using:

  • Personalized subject lines referencing actual projects
  • Perfectly replicated email signatures
  • Context-aware content based on scraped information

Malware distribution has become equally sophisticated. Self-learning algorithms test multiple exploit paths simultaneously. They identify vulnerable systems faster than human analysts can respond.

AI-Generated Social Engineering Content

The depth of deception possible with modern tools is staggering. North Korean operatives demonstrated this with deepfake job interviews. Other alarming developments include:

AI ApplicationReal-World ExampleImpact
Voice cloningCEO impersonation approving wire transfers$35M lost in single incident
Document generationFake court orders with authentic sealsBypassed legal department checks
Chatbot personasHR assistants collecting credentials92% success rate in tests
Crisis simulationFake emergency alerts triggering panicDisabled security protocols

These tools create synthetic identities that pass background checks. Fake employee profiles include generated work histories and references. Some even pass video interview screenings.

“AI-generated ransom notes now adapt to regional dialects and corporate jargon automatically.”

The technology continues evolving. New models produce convincing fake news articles within minutes. Automated social media engagement builds credibility before attacks. This makes detection increasingly difficult for security teams.

Defending Against BlackOasis: Best Practices

Effective cybersecurity now requires both technical solutions and human vigilance. A Paubox study reveals 95% of phishing attempts go unreported, showing critical gaps in organizational awareness. Oxford Economics found similar disconnects between perceived and actual preparedness.

Strengthening Enterprise Defenses

Modern security systems need layered protection. Zero-trust architectures verify every access request, while endpoint detection tools spot anomalies in real-time. Regular penetration testing exposes vulnerabilities before criminals exploit them.

Secure coding practices prevent common injection flaws. Third-party vendor assessments reduce supply chain risks. Insider threat programs monitor unusual data movements without compromising privacy.

Building Employee Resilience

Training transforms staff into a human firewall. Phishing simulations teach recognition of malicious emails. Deepfake identification drills prepare teams for synthetic media scams.

  • Encrypted communication protocols protect sensitive discussions
  • Tabletop exercises simulate ransomware response scenarios
  • Security champion networks foster peer-to-peer learning

Regular awareness updates keep employee knowledge current. Measured improvement tracking ensures programs deliver results, not just compliance checkboxes.

“Organizations with continuous training see 70% faster threat response times.”

Role-specific modules address unique risks. Finance teams learn wire fraud prevention, while HR focuses on credential verification. This targeted approach maximizes relevance and retention.

Law Enforcement Responses to BlackOasis

Global authorities face unprecedented challenges combating sophisticated cybercrime networks. The UN reports jurisdictional conflicts in 78% of cross-border cases, with encrypted evidence and cryptocurrency trails complicating prosecutions. Despite these hurdles, recent operations show progress in disrupting criminal infrastructure.

Global Investigations and Arrests

Coordinated efforts have yielded some victories against digital crime syndicates. Europol’s Operation Dark Web resulted in 150 arrests across 12 countries last quarter. Key successes include:

  • Seizure of $6.2M in cryptocurrency from payment processors
  • Shutdown of three major bulletproof hosting providers
  • Extradition of a core developer from Turkey to the U.S.

However, government agencies struggle with state-sponsored protections. Russian refusal to extradite suspects creates safe havens. The DOJ notes only 17% of ransomware cases reach prosecution due to these barriers.

Challenges in Prosecuting Cybercriminals

Legal systems weren’t designed for borderless digital crimes. EY’s analysis reveals critical gaps between technical evidence and courtroom requirements. Major obstacles include:

ChallengeImpactCurrent Solutions
Encrypted communications72% of cases lack admissible evidenceCloud provider partnerships
Cryptocurrency tracingOnly 14% of funds recoveredBlockchain forensic tools
Jurisdictional conflictsDelays averaging 11 monthsMutual legal assistance treaties
Witness intimidation38% dropout rateAnonymous testimony protocols

Dark web masking techniques further complicate matters. The FBI’s latest security bulletin warns about AI-generated fake identities contaminating evidence chains. Without international legal reforms, prosecutions will remain difficult.

“Our current tools can’t keep pace with criminal innovation—we need new laws for digital evidence.”

Cloud forensics present another hurdle. Microsoft reports 61% of cases involve data stored across multiple countries. Differing privacy laws often prevent complete investigations, leaving authorities with partial evidence.

Future Threats: What’s Next for BlackOasis?

Emerging technologies create new vulnerabilities faster than defenses can adapt. TechTarget’s latest analysis reveals critical gaps in AI safety protocols, while shadow tools proliferate unchecked. We’re entering an era where yesterday’s science fiction becomes tomorrow’s attack vectors.

2026 Threat Landscape Predictions

Neural interface devices will become prime targets as brain-computer adoption grows. Early prototypes already show susceptibility to signal hijacking. Blockchain oracles face similar risks from manipulated external data feeds.

Three concerning trends dominate forecasts:

  • Generative AI APIs abused for automated social engineering
  • IoT firmware updates serving as malware delivery channels
  • VR environment exploits stealing behavioral biometrics

Cutting-Edge Risks Taking Shape

6G prototype networks demonstrate alarming gaps in quantum encryption. Early tests show interception possibilities during handshake protocols. Even DNA storage systems aren’t immune—research shows synthetic biology could corrupt genetic information repositories.

Most concerning developments include:

TechnologyVulnerabilityPotential Impact
Brain-computer interfacesNeural pattern theftCognitive fingerprinting
Quantum key distributionPhoton splitting attacksUnbreakable comms compromised
Autonomous vehicle gridsLIDAR spoofingTraffic system crashes

“Unsecured medical IoT devices will account for 34% of hospital breaches by 2026.”

These threats demand new security paradigms. Traditional perimeter defenses won’t protect against quantum computing attacks or neural intrusions. Proactive research and adaptive frameworks become essential as the threat horizon expands exponentially.

Conclusion

Digital threats now evolve faster than defense systems can adapt. Sophisticated networks target power grids and hospitals, blending financial gain with geopolitical disruption. Enhanced security protocols must include machine learning detection and next-gen encryption.

Cross-border task forces show promise in tracking these operations. Continuous workforce readiness programs help prevent future attack vectors. We also need stronger laws for sensitive data protection.

The path forward requires investment in AI defenses and quantum-resistant infrastructure. Only through global cooperation can we outpace these ever-changing risks.

FAQ

What is the primary goal of BlackOasis?

The group focuses on financial gain through ransomware, data theft, and selling stolen information on the dark web. They target corporations, governments, and individuals.

How does BlackOasis access sensitive data?

They use phishing, zero-day exploits, and AI-driven social engineering to breach networks. Once inside, they encrypt files or steal personal details like credit card numbers.

Which industries are most at risk from their attacks?

Healthcare, finance, and critical infrastructure face the highest threats due to valuable data and weaker security in some organizations.

Has law enforcement taken action against BlackOasis?

Global agencies have arrested some affiliates, but prosecuting members remains difficult due to encryption and anonymous payment methods.

What makes BlackOasis different from other cybercriminal groups?

They combine AI-powered scams with traditional ransomware, allowing faster, harder-to-detect attacks on a larger scale.

How can businesses protect themselves?

Regular employee training, multi-factor authentication, and real-time threat monitoring reduce risks. Immediate patching of vulnerabilities is critical.

Do they sell stolen data publicly?

Yes, leaked information often appears on dark web marketplaces, including social security numbers and email addresses from major breaches.

Are governments actively tracking BlackOasis?

International task forces monitor their activities, but attribution challenges and cross-border legal barriers complicate investigations.

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