FormatFuzzer – A Framework For High-Efficiency, High-Quality Generation And Parsing Of Binary Inputs
FormatFuzzer is a framework for high-efficiency, high-quality generation and parsing of binary inputs. It takes a binary template that describes the format of a binary input and generates an executable that produces and parses the given binary format. >From a binary template for GIF, for instance, FormatFuzzer produces a GIF generator – also known as GIF fuzzer.
Generators produced by FormatFuzzer are highly efficient, producing thousands of valid test inputs per second – in sharp contrast to mutation-based fuzzers, where the large majority of inputs is invalid. Inputs generated by FormatFuzzer are independent from the program under test (or actually, any program), so you can also use them in black-box settings. However, FormatFuzzer also integrates with AFL++ to produce valid inputs that also aim for maximum coverage. In our experiments, this “best of two worlds” approach surpasses all other settings; see our paper for details.
The binary templates used by FormatFuzzer come from the 010 editor. There are more than 170 binary templates, which either can be used directly for FormatFuzzer or adapted for its use. Out of the box, FormatFuzzer produces formats such as AVI, BMP, GIF, JPG, MIDI, MP3, MP4, PCAP, PNG, WAV, and ZIP; and we keep on extending this list every week.
Contributors are welcome! Visit the FormatFuzzer project page for filing ideas and issues, or adding pull requests. For details on how FormatFuzzer works and how it compares, read our paper for more info.
Getting
FormatFuzzer is available from the FormatFuzzer project page. You can download and unpack the latest release from the releases page.
For the very latest and greatest, you can also clone its git repository:
git clone https://github.com/uds-se/FormatFuzzer.git
All further actions take place in its main folder:
cd FormatFuzzer
Prerequisites
To run FormatFuzzer, you need the following:
- Python 3
- A C++ compiler with GNU libraries (notably
getopt_long()) such asclangorgcc - The Python packages
py010parser,six, andintervaltree - A
zliblibrary (for compression functions) - A
boostlibrary (for checksum functions)
If you plan to edit the build and configuration scripts (.ac and .am files), you will also need
- GNU autoconf
- GNU automake
Installing Requirements on Linux (Debian Packages)
sudo apt install git g++ make automake python3-pip zlib1g-dev libboost1.71-dev
pip3 install py010parser six intervaltree
Installing Requirements on MacOS (with Xcode & Homebrew)
xcode-select --install
brew install python3 automake boost
pip3 install py010parser six intervaltree
Installing Python Packages Only (All Operating Systems)
On all systems, using pip:
pip install py010parser
pip install six
pip install intervaltree
Building
Note: all building commands require you to be in the same folder as this README file. Building a fuzzer outside of this folder is not yet supported.
Method 1: Using the build.sh script
There’s a build.sh script which automates all construction steps. Simply run
./build.sh gif
to create a GIF fuzzer.
This works for all file formats provided in templates/; if there is a file templates/FOO.bt, then ./build.sh FOO will build a fuzzer.
Method 2: Using Make
There’s a Makefile (source in Makefile.am) which automates all construction steps. (Requires GNU make.) First do
touch configure Makefile.in
then
./configure
and then
make gif-fuzzer
to create a GIF fuzzer.
This works for all file formats provided in templates/; if there is a file templates/FOO.bt, then make FOO-fuzzer will build a fuzzer.
Method 3: Manual steps
If the above make method does not work, or if you want more control, you may have to proceed manually.
Step 1: Compiling Binary Template Files into C++ code
Run the ffcompile compiler to compile the binary template into C++ code. It takes two arguments: the .bt binary template, and a .cpp C++ file to be generated.
./ffcompile templates/gif.bt gif.cpp
Step 2: Compiling the C++ code
Use the following commands to create a fuzzer gif-fuzzer. First, compile the generic command-line driver:
g++ -c -I . -std=c++17 -g -O3 -Wall fuzzer.cpp
(-I . denotes the location of the bt.h file; -std=c++17 sets the C++ standard.)
Then, compile the binary parser/compiler:
g++ -c -I . -std=c++17 -g -O3 -Wall gif.cpp
Finally, link the binary parser/compiler with the command-line driver to obtain an executable. If you use any extra libraries (such as -lz), be sure to specify these here too.
g++ -O3 gif.o fuzzer.o -o gif-fuzzer -lz
Running the Fuzzer
FormatFuzzer can be run as a standalone parser, generator or mutator of specific formats. In addition, it can called by general-purpose fuzzers such as AFL++ to integrate those format-specific capabilities into the fuzzing process (see the section below on AFL++ integration).
The generated fuzzer takes a command as first argument, followed by options and arguments to that command.
The most important command is fuzz, for producing outputs. Its arguments are files to be generated in the appropriate format.
Run the generator as
./gif-fuzzer fuzz output.gif
to create a random binary file output.gif, or
./gif-fuzzer fuzz out1.gif out2.gif out3.gif
to create three GIF files out1.gif, out2.gif, and out3.gif.
Note that the gif.bt template we provide has been augmented with special functions to make generation of valid files easier. If you use an original .bt template files without adaptations, you may get warnings during generation and create invalid files.
Running Parsers
You can also run the fuzzer as a parser for binary files, using the parse command. This is useful if you want to test the accuracy of the binary template, or if you want to mutate an input (see `Decision Files’, below).
To run the parser, use
./gif-fuzzer parse input.gif
You will see error messages if input.gif cannot be successfully parsed.
Decision Files
While parsing, you can also store all parsing decisions (i.e. which parsing alternatives were taken) in a decision file. This is a sequence of bytes enumerating the decisions taken. Each byte stands for a single parsing decision. A byte value of 0 means that the first alternative was taken, a byte value of 1 means that the second alternative was taken, and so on.
You can generate such a decision file when parsing an input:
./gif-fuzzer parse --decisions input.dec input.gif
Here, input.dec stores the decisions made for parsing `input.gif’.
You can also use such a decision file when generating inputs. The fuzzer will then take the exact same decisions as found during parsing. The following command generates a new GIF file using the decisions determined while parsing `input.gif’:
./gif-fuzzer fuzz --decisions input.dec input2.gif
If everything works well, both files should be identical:
cmp input.gif input2.gif
By mutating a decision file (e.g. replacing individual bytes), you can create inputs that are similar to the original file parsed. This is useful for interfacing with specific testing strategies and fuzzers such as AFL, where you can use gif-fuzzer and the like as translators from decision files to binary files and back: AFL would mutate decision files, and the program under test would run on the translated binary files. In contrast to mutating binary files directly (as AFL would normally do), this would have the advantage of always having valid inputs – and thus progressing much faster towards coverage.
AFL++ Integration
In addition to the format-specific fuzzers, such as gif-fuzzer, FormatFuzzer can also be compiled into format-specific shared libraries, such as gif.so (for that, simply run ./build.sh gif or make gif.so). Those shared libraries can be loaded by general-purpose fuzzers, such as AFL++.
To run AFL++ with FormatFuzzer, just follow the instructions on our modified version of AFL++. We support different fuzzing strategies, including:
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AFL+FFMut: runs AFL++ using FormatFuzzer to provide format-specific smart mutations.
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AFL+FFGen: uses FormatFuzzer as a format-specific generator, while AFL++ mutates its decision seeds.
Creating and Customizing Binary Templates
To write your own .bt binary templates (and thus create a high-efficiency fuzzer/parser for this format), read the section Introduction to Templates and Scripts from the 010 Editor Manual.
In many cases, a template of the format you are looking for (or a similar one) may already exist. Have a look at the 010 editor binary template collection whether there is something that you can use or base your format on.
Note that the .bt files provided in the repository generally target parsing files. They can be used for generating files, too; but they often lack exact information which parts of the input are required.
In this section, we discuss some of the ways in which you can customize .bt files to work well with FormatFuzzer.
For example, for the GIF format, the file templates/gif-orig.bt shows the original binary template, which was only designed for parsing, while the file templates/gif.bt is a modified version which is capable of generating valid GIFs. Comparing the two files, we see that a small number changes was required to achieve this.
If you have created a gif-fuzzer, either by running make gif-fuzzer or by using the ffcompile tool, you have already obtained a C++ file gif.cpp which contains an implementation of the GIF generator and parser. This is useful to see how the changes you make to the binary template are translated into executable code. More details on the C++ code are presented on the next section.
The GIF binary template makes use of lookahead functions ReadUByte() and ReadUShort() to look ahead at the values of the next bytes in the file before actually parsing them into a struct field. At generation time, we allow those functions to receive an additional argument specifying a set of good known values to pick for the bytes that we look ahead. In addition, we also allow specifying a global set of good known values to always use when calling a particular lookahead function, such as ReadUByte(). Those are stored in the ReadUByteInitValues vector.
By default, our translation procedure ffcompile tries to mine interesting values which have been used in comparisons against lookahead bytes and use them as a global set of known values. When running
./ffcompile templates/gif.bt gif.cpp
a printed message shows the lookahead functions identified, as well as the mined interesting values:
Finished creating cpp generator.
Lookahead functions found:
ReadUByte
ReadUShort
Mined interesting values:
GlobalColorTableFlag: ['1']
LocalColorTableFlag: ['1']
ReadUByte: ['0x3B', '0x2C']
ReadUShort: ['0xF921', '0xFE21', '0x0121', '0xFF21']
Signature: ['"GIF"']
For GIF generation, however, it is better to specify the set of good known values for ReadUByte() individually at each call to the function. So we define an empty array (size 0)
const local UBYTE ReadUByteInitValues[0];
to overwrite the set of global ReadUByteInitValues and for each call to ReadUByte(), we use an additional argument to specify the set of good values to use for that particular location. The binary template language is also powerful enough to allow this choice to be made based on runtime conditions. For example, in the following code we show how the choice of appropriate values for a ReadUByte() call can depend on the current GIF version we are generating. A GIF version 89a allows one extra possible value for the byte (0x21).
if(GifHeader.Version == "89a")
local UBYTE values[] = { 0x3B, 0x2C, 0x21 };
else
local UBYTE values[] = { 0x3B, 0x2C };
while (ReadUByte(FTell(), values) != 0x3B) {
...
}
The remaining edits required for the GIF binary template are similar. For example, for each struct field can also specify a set of known good values. For example this specifies the correct values for the Version field: 87a and 89a.
char Version[3] = { {"87a"}, {"89a"} };
Understanding the Generated C++ Code
For debugging purposes, as well as for understanding how to make appropriate changes to improve your generators and parsers, it may be useful to understand some inner workings of the generated C++ code. Ideally, you should be able to edit the binary template files until they can be used to generate valid files with high probability, so you wouldn’t have to edit the generated C++ code.
The C++ code creates a class for each struct and union defined in the binary template, as well as for native types, such as int.
At construction time, when initializing a variable, we can define a set of good known values that this variable can assume. For example, the constructor call
char_array_class cname(cname_element, { "IHDR", "tEXt", "PLTE", "cHRM", "sRGB", "iEXt", "zEXt", "tIME", "pHYs", "bKGD", "sBIT", "sPLT", "acTL", "fcTL", "fdAT", "IHDR", "IEND" });
would specify 17 good values to use for variable cname. But this is often not enough, since the choice of appropriate chunk types is context sensitive. So we also allow specifying a set of good values at generation time when generating a new chunk. For example, this call could be used to generate an instance of chunk for the first chunk, which must have type IHDR.
GENERATE(chunk, ::g->chunk.generate({ "IHDR" }, false));
When generating the second chunk, we might use this long list of possible chunks that can come between the IHDR chunk and the PLTE chunk:
GENERATE(chunk, ::g->chunk.generate({ "iCCP", "sRGB", "sBIT", "gAMA", "cHRM", "pHYs", "sPLT", "tIME", "zTXt", "tEXt", "iTXt", "eXIf", "oFFs", "pCAL", "sCAL", "acTL", "fcTL", "fdAT", "fRAc", "gIFg", "gIFt", "gIFx", "sTER" }, true));
The generator will then uniformly pick one of the good known values to use for the new instance. We also allow the choice of an evil value which is not one of the good known values with small probability 1/128. This feature can be enabled or disabled any time by using the method set_evil_bit.
All the random choices taken by the generator are done by calling the rand_int() method.
long long rand_int(unsigned long long x, std::function<long long (unsigned char*)> parse);
When running the program as a generator, this method samples an integer from 0 to x-1 by reading bytes from the random buffer. When running the program as a parser, this method uses the parse() function to find out which random bytes must be present in the random buffer in order to generate the target file, and then writes those bytes to the random buffer. The parse function receives as an argument the buffer at the current position of the file and must then return which value would have to be returned by the current call to rand_int() in order to generate this exact file configuration.
Authors
FormatFuzzer was designed and written by Rafael Dutra <rafael.dutra@cispa.de>.
The concept of a fuzzer compiler was introduced by Rahul Gopinath <rahul.gopinath@cispa.de> and Andreas Zeller <zeller@cispa.de>.
Copyright and Licenses
FormatFuzzer is Copyright © 2020, 2021 by CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security. The following licenses apply:
-
The FormatFuzzer code (notably, all C++ code and code related to its generation) is subject to the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, as found in COPYING.
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As an exception to the above, C++ code generated by FormatFuzzer (i.e., fuzzers and parsers for specific formats) is in the public domain.
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The original pfp code, which FormatFuzzer is based upon, is subject to an MIT license, as found in LICENSE-pfp.
